Descartes Notion Of Why We Exist - 935 Words

To discover the truths about questions you have of your life and the world as we know it can be a difficult but fascinating task to accomplish. Challenging the accepted solutions of the world can bring both controversy and a more complete understanding at the same time. In order to do this, one might let go of how they have been taught to see the world and rebuild a new perspective of how things really are. It is also interesting to coincide this with Rene Descartes’ notion of why we exist. It is fascinating to examine the process by which Descartes took to completely dismantle everything he knows in his pursuit towards explaining different truths throughout the world. I think Descartes came to the realization that he was perceiving things incorrectly in his life which disappointed him. Descartes understands this because he is basing all of his incoming information about the world through his senses. Descartes is puzzled by his dreams versus his realities because he is capable of dreaming about the reality. If this were to be true, how could it be possible to determine which one is actually reality? This thought process seems to push Descartes deeper into question as he begins to challenge other aspects of the world that seemed to be of concrete truth. Descartes then realizes he cannot trust in the knowledge he once trusted in. Due to this, Descartes seemed to be angered that god was allowing him to be deceived. Descartes than seems to take the path towards the notionShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Descartes And Nietzsche s View On God s Existence937 Words   |  4 Pagescourse. Conversely, atheists are people who don’t believe that God or a divine being exists. For the most part, atheists have acknowledged that the most reasonable conclusions are the ones that have the best evidential support. They have argued that the evidence in favor of God’s existence is too weak or the arguments in favor of concluding there is no God are more c ompelling. Two ancient philosophers, Descartes and Nietzsche’s have different views on God’s existence. There has been many thinkersRead MoreThird Meditation, by Rene Descartes885 Words   |  4 PagesThird Meditation, Descartes forms a proof for the existence of God. He begins by laying down a foundation for what he claims to know and then offers an explanation for why he previously accepted various ideas but is no longer certain of them. Before he arrives at the concept of God, Descartes categorizes ideas and the possible sources that they originate from. He then distinguishes between the varying degrees of reality that an idea can possess, as well as the cause of an idea. Descartes proceeds to investigateRead MoreDescartes’ Arguments for the Existence of Body as Distinct from the Mind and His Justifications to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia 1468 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Two years after Descartes published his meditations on first philosophy, Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia wrote with questions concerning the relationship between the immaterial soul and the corporeal body- specifically how anything immaterial could produce physical effects. She was neither the first nor the last to question this practical application of Descartes’ dualism, but her questions elicited the most comprehensive attempt to answer the question. In this paper I will examine Descartes’Read MoreFor Descartes And More One Common Dominator Between The1523 Words   |  7 PagesFor Descartes and More one common dominator between the two is the belief that the essence of the body is merely extension. Within the Fifth Meditation, Descartes addresses a premise that results in being the building block to his conception on extension being the essence of bodies. He asserts, we can’t know that physical stuff exists without a doubt considering deception, for instance t he dream dilemma presented by Descartes. Hence, how do I know objectively and soundly that my sensory knowledgeRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreThe Role of God in Descartes Epistemology1356 Words   |  5 Pagesepistemology. Throughout this essay, I aim to critically examine the role of God in Descartes’ epistemology. Renà © Descartes’ epistemological contribution to western philosophy attempted to inaugurate a coherent method of questioning whereby knowledge of the world is attained independently of the authority of the Church or Bible. Strangely enough this separation had no intention on removing god from our lives or minds. Descartes’ project was to prove the existence of God, and to establish that only God canRead MoreCritique of the ideas for the Existence of God1100 Words   |  5 Pagesis a notion about an entity that was never seen or heard from by anyone, it has been a strenuous struggle to substantiate his existence. Yet, great philosophers have always found a way to validate the idea of God through their own way of reasoning. The philosophical discussions about God’s existence began with pre-modern philosophers such as Plato, Saint Augustine, and it was further examined by modern philosophers such as Descartes etc. In this essay I will present St. Augustine and Descartes’ argumentsRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes916 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy by Rene Descartes is a thorough analysis about doubt. Descartes describes his method of doubt to determine whether he can truly know something. One of his major arguments is the proof of the existence of God. In this paper, I will attem pt to unravel the flaws in Descartes proof that God exists. In the meditations, Descartes evaluates whether or not everything we know is a reality or a dream. Descartes claims that we can only be sure that our beliefs are true when we clearly and distinctivelyRead MorePhilosophy: Questions on Descartes Principles740 Words   |  3 Pagesanswer) ____ In Meditation One, Descartes writes, My reason tells me that as well as withholding assent from propositions that are obviously false, I should also withhold it from ones that are not completely certain and indubitable (p. 1). Which of the following does this quotation express? Principle of Universal Doubt Principle of Indiscernibility Archimedean Principle Epistemic Principle None of the above. ____ In Meditation One, Descartes ultimately dismisses the conclusionRead MoreDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Knowledge is Truth With the emergence of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, views of society and nature were transformed throughout Europe. There were great developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. The world and its views were changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of things by searching for a fundamental

Ethical Issues Within The Business Industry Essay

To what extent does it mean to be fully ethical in business without any controversy or discrimination? What are the main issues that most employees must address and confront to make for a better business or workforce? What are the common ethical pressures that are being faced in the business industry and how might we be able to address and overcome not only in the current businesses that we work in but the entire world? We may never know because there are two sides to each story the good or the bad and the right from the wrong. We must all just be honest with ourselves and aim for justice. Each person may have their own different opinion and or viewing, causing ethics to be a moral value to what feels right. It seems that every day in the news or hearing from our friends or loved ones, that there are some new issues that start to rise no matter what position they are in. However, there are many ethical issues in business. The top 5 ethical issues in business are discrimination, accou nting, employee theft, abusive behavior, and misusing company time. One of the most important factors in the workforce today inequality which is an ethical issue is known as discrimination. Research, that was conducted by the National Conference for Community and Justice, approximated that 70 percent of Americans accept racism issues in the workplace. Based on a test stating some of these issues are formed by bad or uncomfortable feelings at work, as well as reduced productivity. Other forms ofShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics: Case Studies1238 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Business Ethics Table of Contents Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. 3 Case 3: Wal-Mart: The Future is Sustainability. 4 Case 6: AIG: Coping with financial and ethical risks. 4 Case 7: Microsoft Manages Legal and Ethical Issues. 5 Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. Monsanto is a world renowned organization dealing in agriculture products. The seeds produced by the business are genetically modified. The genetically modified agriculturalRead MoreLegal Ethical and Regulatory Issues1479 Words   |  6 PagesLegal, Ethical Regulatory Issues The online banking industry is a growing and a continually evolving business. This paper will identify and describes the legal, ethical, and regulatory issues that impact online banking the Websites. Business ethics examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context involved in e-commerce are faced with the same if not more legal issues as any other business; these issues include, but are not limited to jurisdiction, contract, and legitimacyRead MoreThe Ethical And Moral Nature Of Products And Services917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world of business may have noticed constant changes within industry along with increasing complex factors stemming from the altering dynamics of the society and culture. As a result, managers and stakeholders have to apply sophisticated quantitative and qualitative methods in trying to conjure up a business model that will incorporate all variables and lead to the best possible outcomes for sustainability and growth in a given sector. S ome of the emerging issues relate to the ethical and moral natureRead MoreThe Driving Force Behind A Company s Financial Success Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagescreating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers† (Kotler Keller, 2012). Since marketing plays such a vital role in a business success, marketing manager and the company they represents has a fiduciary responsibility to consumers. Thus marketing managers has not only a moral but also an ethical responsibility to consumer, stakeholders and the company they represents. In simple layman’s term, ethics is a concept of what is wrong and right. For marketers,Read MoreThe Role Of Business Ethics Within A Community Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagescontingent on the community’s view and opinions of the issues at hand. As time passes, the community will evolve and the popular interpretation of an issue will influence the acceptance of behavior by the community at large and, in a business setting, it is no different. Business leaders must adhere to accepted cultural and community code of conduct in order be accepted as contributing members of the community. In analyzing the role of business ethics within a community, Joseph Betz (1998) wrote: To liveRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Social Code Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Business ethics is a form of ethics which is applied in the field of business and it deals with the ethical issues and principles arising in a business background. In short business ethics means to carry on business for the human welfare and the benefit of the society. Business ethics is the study of business situations, activities and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed (Trevino.,1986)†. 1. Nature of Business ethics: The following are the features of business ethics:Read MoreIndividual Rights and the Business Organization1543 Words   |  6 PagesIndividual Rights and the Business Organization Individual Rights and the Business Organization Introduction In todays highly uncertain business environment, businesses and individuals face a number of ethical issues which arise due to different internal and external environmental factors and impact the individuals within and outside the organizations. The ethical issues which negatively impact the privacy, morale, and societal values of individuals include fraudulent business practices and unethicalRead MoreSubmission to Local Network1039 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciple one requires that business should respect human rights including those in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. And businesses are asked to do something to undertake more environmental responsibility under principle eight. â€Å"As an established industry leader in the areas of human rights and ethical business†(see Embedding Human rights in Business Practice iii), we believe Cadbury has a ground to say in these respects. We quite agree with the business practices suggested by the GlobalRead MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words   |  6 Pagesin the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonald’s. There are various internal and external environmental factors affecting the functions of McDonald’s corporation and demands for new innovations. The factors are as follows: Internal Factors: Internal factors are the factors within the company, which affects the success and operation of business. The company can control these factors. Effective internal management is the key to the successful business. 1. Employees:Read MoreMartin Marietta Case Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Marietta: Managing Corporate Ethics (A) In an industry  overwhelmed with fraud and corruption, Martin  Marietta was ready to revamp their reputation to become an ethical company. This concept  catapulted a decade of creating, developing, and tweaking an ethics program. Martin Mariettas goal was to maintain a work place with descent people doing quality work (page 1). But with this idea came a series of difficult  challenges the company needed to overcome. Martin Marietta  arose to the  challenge

Cause and Effect Essay free essay sample

Cigarette Smoking and the Secondhand Smoking Disease, Emphysema Gregory A. Smith, Jr. University of Phoenix COMM/105 Dr. R. LoDato March 24, 2010 Cigarette smoking is a worldwide problem. Studies show that one in three adult’s smoke, with more than one billion people smoking worldwide. The number of non- smokers, are far greater; however, the hazardous risks from inhaling the harmful chemicals released from cigarette smoke, seems to somehow outweigh the risks of the smoker’s themselves. 3,000 non- smoking adults die of diseases caused by exposure to second- hand smoke each year. One of the main culprits is Emphysema. Emphysema can be described as an abnormal condition of the lungs, with a noticeable decrease of respiratory function. It can also be associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age. Cigarette smoke is the leading cause of emphysema. When inhaling tobacco smoke, it temporarily paralyzes the microscopic hairs that line bronchial air ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These hairs sweep irritants and germs out of a person’s airways, but when smoke interferes with this sweeping movement, from the paralysis, irritants remain in a person’s bronchial tubes Emphysema is a progressive disease of the lungs that can cause shortness of breath. The physical shapes of the lungs are destroyed in people with emphysema. There can be several types of emphysema; although they can all be life threatening, not all of them come from cigarette smoke. Subcutaneous Emphysema – Is a disorder in which bubbles of air become trapped under the skin. This type of emphysema can occur after surgery and can also develop in cases of gas gangrene. The most frequent cause of subcutaneous emphysema develops from rupture of the lung tissue. Mediastinal Emphysema – Is another kind of emphysema that stems from rupturing of the lungs. Surrounding the heart and central blood vessels, a pocket of air contained within the mediastinum, is usually what forms as a result. Pulmonary Emphysema – This type of emphysema is irreversible, and it happens when the alveolar walls have been destroyed. It can occur in two forms, centrilobular emphysema, and panlobular (or panacinar) emphysema. Distinguishing between the two types can become difficult in advanced cases. Centrilobular Emphysema is the form most commonly seen in cigarette smokers, and many experts believe it is confined to only smokers. Centrilobular emphysema is more commonly seen in the upper lobes of the lung. Some impairment of a person’s ability will have occurred by the time the disease has developed. Two of the most common symptoms of emphysema are shortness of breath and a reduced capacity for physical activity. As it progresses the symptoms are becoming worse. A few more signs of this disease are a chronic, mild cough, which can cause a person to produce sputum or phlegm. Weight loss because of loss of appetite is also common with emphysema. Truthfully, the act of eating can become more difficult because it can leave a person out of breath. Fatigue is also an issue. Patients with emphysema are feeling tired because it is more difficult to breathe, a person’s body is receiving less oxygen to cope with even basic everyday life. I read a study in the New England Journal of Medicine, and my findings were that nonsmokers exposed to second- hand smoke were 25% more likely to have coronary heart disease compared to non- smokers not exposed to smoke. Of course, the most important step in treating smokers with emphysema and other related diseases is to quit smoking; it is the only way to prevent the damage to a person’s lungs from becoming worse. Treating this disease can be as simple as people using a Bronchodilator, which can help with shortness of breath and trouble breathing. Another type of drug used in treating emphysema is Corticosteroid drugs. Although side effects may occur by inhaling this drug as an aerosol spray; relief from asthma and bronchitis, associated with emphysema may occur. Various forms of oxygen can also provide some relief when introduced to a person’s lungs. By infusing the alpha-1- antitrypsin protein, people can experience some relief. A host of different antibiotics can cure  respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia; all of which can lead to complications with emphysema. Surgeons remove damaged lung tissue, in a procedure called lung volume reduction, with hopes of curing people of emphysema. If all else has failed, lung transplantation also can be an option to people with severe emphysema. I for one would hate to have to endure these types of pains and discomforts. If the information in this essay won’t persuade people to quit smoking and began a better way of life, for themselves as well as others, then I guess those people simply do not want a better way of life. So in closing, cigarette, cigar, pipe smoke and even second- hand smoke can potentially be life threatening. Tobacco smoking can make a person’s life uncomfortable, and with all the different types of emphysema, it almost seems inevitable that a person will contract at least one of these types of emphysema. References wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/emphysema

Ventilation Essay Example For Students

Ventilation Essay Ventilation is the mechanical process whereby air is taken into and out of the lungs. Situations in which a patient might require venitlatory support range from apnea to patients experiencing depressed respiratory function. If the patients rate of breathing decreases significantly it can lead to hypercarbia, hypoxia, a lowered pH level and a decrease in respiratory minute volume. This can result in cardiac or respiratory arrest if it isnt corrected. Expired air ventilation has been accepted as the technique of choice since the late 1950s.It has been shown to be an effective practice for both professionals and lay persons including young children over 5 years of age. Ventilation using the expired air of the rescuer can be applied to the mouth or nose of the adult victim and to the mouth and nose of the infant. Mouth-to-Mouth ventilation and Mouth-to-Nose ventilation can provide effective ventilatory support to a patient. A major advantage of these methods of ventilation is that no equ ipment is required to effectively offer ventilatory support to the patient. However, the disadvantage of these methods of ventilatory support are that both methods only offer a limited oxygen supply due to the fact that oxygen expired from the rescuer will only contain 17 percent oxygen. Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation or Pocket Mask Ventilation A clear, plastic, molded facemask similar to that used in anesthesia may be used to provide mouth to mask ventilation. A unidirectional valve diverts the patients expired air away from the rescuer and traps any macroscopic particles emerging from the patient. This valve improves the aesthetics and reduces risk of cross infection. The mouth to mask method is a two handed technique which produces a better seal than that obtained during single-person bag-valve-mask ventilation. As with mouth-to-mouth ventilation it is possible to generate high tidal volumes, high airway pressures and increase the risk of gastric inflation. The addition of a port for the administration of supplemental oxygen increases the inspired oxygen concentration. A variety of pocket masks are available. Some of these masks are disposed of after the first use while others may be used many times. Most are small and compact enough to fit in a pocket and may be carried with the paramedic. The pocket mask allows an oxygen flow rate of 10 liters per minute. This rate combined with mouth-to-mouth breathing of the rescuer yields an inspired oxygen rate of about 50 percent. This is a significantly higher oxygen concentration level than delivered through the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. Inexpensive protection devices made from a piece of plastic film with a valvular orifice to cover the mouth and nose will provide protection and reduce aesthetic worries of direct contact with patients vomitus, saliva, sputum or blood. The main disadvantage is that the film device requires repositioning for each sequence of breaths. In the community the bystander is likely to be a relative, friend or colleague of the victim and resuscitative efforts should not be deterred by the unavailability of a protective device, as the risk is very small. We will write a custom essay on Ventilation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The self-inflating bag can be connected to either a facemask, a tracheal tube, a laryngeal mask, or a Combitube. The bag consists of an oblong, self-inflating silicone or rubber bag; two one-way valves, and a transparent facemask. They are available in sizes for babies, children and adults. The bag-valve device allows room air or oxygen to be delivered to the patient. When used on its own the bag-valve-mask will allow ventilation of the patient with ambient air (21% oxygen). This can be increased to around 50% by attaching an oxygen supply at 5-6 Lmin-1 directly to the bag next to the air inlet valve. Normally, however, a reservoir bag should be attached, which with oxygen flows of 8-10 Lmin-1, will provide inspired oxygen concentrations of 90%. .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .postImageUrl , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:hover , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:visited , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:active { border:0!important; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:active , .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11df78ecf6d7e21aa2a1868c6a3fb6fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lost Colony At Roanoke The First Effort Made By The English To Est Essay Certain ideal criteria have been laid down for bag-valve-mask devices used in resuscitation The requirements recommended include:The bag material should be transparent and convey a satisfactory feel. It should not absorb anesthetic or noxious gases and should possess sufficient recoil to draw in gases from a reservoir or a draw over anesthesia circuit. Both inlet and outlet valves should be of robust construction, competent to prevent rebreathing or leaks, incapable of malfunction or jamming with a fresh gas flow (of oxygen) up to 15L/min. The valves should be easy to take apart, clean and reassem ble (except in disposable models); incorrect reassembly should be impossible. The inlet valve should be capable of being fitted with a filter (to exclude noxious gases) and an oxygen reservoir bag. The patient valve should have standard ISO 15/22 mm fittings. The patient valve should incorporate, or be capable of being fitted with, a PEEP valve. The bag should be capable of delivering a tidal volume of up to 1500 ml in the adult version and ventilation rates of up to 45/min in the pediatric version. Infant, pediatric and adult versions of the device should be available. The device should function adequately during all common environmental conditions and temperature extremes. When used by one person, a considerable degree of skill is required to maintain a patent airway and gas-tight seal with one hand, while squeezing the bag with the other. This is only likely to be achieved by someone who regularly uses a bag-valve-mask device. Too much air leak will result in hypoventilation, whi le excessive tidal volumes may result in gastric insufflation and increased risk of regurgitation. If ventilation has to continue with a bag-valve-mask, the two-person technique is preferable; one person holds the facemask in place using both hands and an assistant squeezes the bag. In this way a better seal is achieved, the jaw thrust maneuver is more easily maintained and the patients lungs can be ventilated more effectively. The demand valve device is also commonly referred to as the manually triggered oxygen powered breathing device. This device will transport 100 percent oxygen to a patient at its maximum flow rate (40L per minute). This system consists of a high-pressure tube, which connects to an oxygen supply. A push lever or button easily activates the valve causing it to open and thus, supplying oxygen to the patient. Due to technological advances, compact mechanical ventilators are now available for pre-hospital use. Mechanical ventilators provide a number of advantages over other types of ventilatory support discussed previously. Mechanical ventilation is lightweight and compact which makes it convenient and very easy to use while transporting the patient to the hospital. Secondly, they are an improvement over the bag-valve device in maintaining minute volume. The mechanical ventilation system is also able to endure extreme temperatures. Temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Fahrenheit to 125 degrees Fahrenheit. Another advantage of mechanical ventilation is that most systems are typically equipped with both an adjustable ventilatory rate and tidal volume. This will allow the machine to function intermittently, reverting to controlled mechanical ventilation in patients who are not breathing. Some are contain a pop-off valve that prevents pressure-related injuries. A pop-off valve can prove to be detrimental in situations where the patient is suffering from a pulmonary contusion, bronchospasm, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, adult respiratory distress syndrome or disorders in which high levels of pressure in the airway must be surmounted.In closing, there are several effective methods of supplying respiratory support to patients. Although, the mechanical ventilator has many advantages as mentioned earlier, the bag-valve method proves to have the largest amount of advantages. However, it should be noted that the bag-valve technique has also proven to be problematic when attempting to offer respiratory support to nonintubated patients. Bibliography: