The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works

The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works Ernest Hemingway, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1954, occupies an outstanding position in the American literature. He is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Hemingway is famous for his distinct writing style and his â€Å"Code Hero. † In addition, his many great works are based on his experiences of war. Hemingway’s writing style is arguably the most distinctive characteristic of his works. The minimalist style is the core of Hemingway’s writing style. His writing style contrasts with William Faulkner’s meticulous writing style. Margaret Anne O'Connor and John Alberti described, â€Å"If Faulkner confuses readers because he offers so many details for readers to sift through in order to understand what's going on, Hemingway confuses by offering so few† (par. 8). Hemingway developed his simple writing style while he was a reporter for the Kansas City Star. The newspaper office supported Hemingway to learn â€Å"short sentences, short paragraphs, active verbs, authenticity, compression, clarity and immediacy. Hemingway said, â€Å"Those were the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing. I've never forgotten them† (The Hemingway Resource Center par. 1). Hemingway developed â€Å"simple, direct, and somewhat plain† style. He seldom used adverbs or adjectives in his prose writing style. He eschewed using â€Å"direct statements and descriptions of emotion† and â€Å"place and things. â₠¬  In addition, he wrote terse and clear dialogue (Cooper par. 4). If one of his sentences is compared with a sentence of William Faulkner, Hemingway’s distinct writing style can be recognized easily. In a novel A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway started the first paragraph as â€Å"In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains† (3). In contrast with Hemingway’s minimalist writing style, in a short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Faulkner described Miss Emily’s house as â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and . . . what had once been our most select street† (29). Hemingway’s minimalist writing style is connected with the â€Å"Iceberg Principle. † Even though, Hemingway used simple writing style, his works are not simple. He endeavored to pare down words and convey implied meanings in few words. According to the Hemingway’s â€Å"Iceberg Principal,† the omissions of special parts of a story intensify the story. To do so, a writer should leave out special parts of story in â€Å"conscious† and make a reader recognize the abbreviated parts of story. If the reader recognizes the abbreviated parts, the reader can notice and understand the story intensely (Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Will Carroll wrote that â€Å"Hemingway hid nothing from the reader, though the reader did have to work to find it† (par. 2). According to Jeffrey Hart, Hemingway described his â€Å"Iceberg Principle† as â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water† (par. 25). Another characteristic of Hemingway’s writing style is hard-boiled style. Anders Hallengren explained that â€Å"hard-boiled meant to be unfeeling, callous, coldhearted, cynical, rough, obdurate, unemotional, without sentiment† (par. ). The hard-boiled style also has close connection with Hemingway’s simple writing style. Because of his concise writing style, Hemingway could hone hard-boiled style spontaneously. Because Hemingway did not provide character’s detail thought and emotion, he described violence, cruelty, and death, whic h are discussed much in his works, unsentimentally. That is the core of the hard-boiled style. The last sentence of Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms is a precise example of the â€Å"Ice Principle† and hard-boiled style. At the end of the story, Frederic Henry loses his lover Catherine Barkley during childbirth. Hemingway did not portray Frederic Henry’s sadness lengthily. Hemingway described, â€Å"After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain† (332). Even though, Hemingway omitted the description of Frederic’s emotion and depicted Frederic’s action unfeelingly, that sentence conveys the sadness and nothingness of Frederic intensely. Therefore, the â€Å"Iceberg Principle† and hard-boiled style helped readers grasp â€Å"a greater perception and understanding† (Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Hemingway’s characters have some features which are called the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. Philip Young coined a term the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † He described the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† as whom â€Å"offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man† (Timeless Hemingway par. 19). According to the Melvin C. Miles, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† confronts the tragic condition with â€Å"dignity†. Although he or she is destroyed, the important thing is how he or she faces the tragic condition. He or she confronts the â€Å"destruction and death† with the â€Å"grace under pressure† (par. 15). In addition, according to the Paul Totah, Hemingway defined the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† as â€Å"a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful† (par. 1). Frederick Henry of A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes of The Sun Also Rises, and Robert Jordan of For Whom the Bell Tolls are examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † They â€Å"are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences† (Encyclopedia Britannica par. 12). In addition, Santiago of the novella The Old Man and the Sea is one of the finest examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † According to Clinton S, Santiago shows â€Å"heroic proportions. † He struggles with the giant marlin with courage, honor, and â€Å"endurance. † When sharks attack the marlin, which Santiago killed with his harpoon, he confronts hardship. In that hardship, he decides â€Å"to fight them until I die† (31). Santiago’s saying touches the core of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † Santiago says, â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated† (Hemingway 103). Hemingway considered â€Å"authenticity in writing† very importantly. Hemingway thought that to write â€Å"honestly,† a writer should have firsthand experience or observation of the topic. If the writer does not have direct touch of the topic, the reader would recognize the writer’s short of the knowledge about the topic. In addition, he thought that when a writer discusses the well-known topic, he or she can get rid of the â€Å"superfluous detail without sacrificing the voice of authority† (MSN Encarta par. 9). According to the Carlos Baker, Hemingway said, â€Å"A writer’s job is to tell the truth. † In addition, Hemingway often commented that â€Å"I only know what I have seen† (85). Hemingway experienced major wars of early 20th century; his experiences from war became foundations of his great works. Thomas Putnam described that â€Å"No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works† (par. 4). According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway volunteered to be American Red Cross’s ambulance driver and was dispatched to Italy during the World War I. When he visited the Italian infantry trench, he was wounded by Austrian mortar fire. However he tried to rescue another wounded Italian soldier; he was shoot in his right leg by a machine gun (38). According to the Scott Donaldson, Philip Young insisted that â€Å"Hemingway's near fatal injury on the Italian front was a traumatic event that lay at the source of most of Hemingway's writing. † That is called â€Å"Wound Theory. † According to the â€Å"Wound Theory,† because of the trauma which Hemingway underwent in the Italian infantry trench, Hemingway â€Å"frequently† described the â€Å"confrontation with death and danger† in his works (par. 22). Hemingway’s experiences from World War I influenced his novel A Farewell to Arms. According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway fell in love with Agnes Von Kurowsky who was an American nurse while Hemingway recuperated in a Milan Hospital. However, after Hemingway came back to America, she broke up their relationship via a mail (38). Among the experiences of World War I, the romance with Agnes Von Kurowsky and the injury from the Italian infantry trench became the important bases of the great novel. In A Farewell to Arms, a protagonist, Frederic Henry is an American lieutenant of Italian army medical corps. Frederic meets an English nurse Catherine Barkley whose model is Agnes Von Kurowsky. After he is wounded by mortar fire on the Italian front, he is sent to a Milan hospital. In the Milan hospital, they develop their relationship. Along with the romance, Hemingway discussed the loss of human value, disillusionment, and brutality of war in A Farewell to Arms. According to Thomas Putnam, Tobias Wolff said, â€Å"Hemingway’s great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward† (par. 13). The â€Å"Lost Generation† represents the loss of morality and aimlessness of the aftermath of the World War I. The term â€Å"Lost Generation† was coined by Gertrude Stein. Gertrude Stein said, â€Å"You are all a lost generation† (Hemingway preface). Hemingway used her phrase in the preface of his novel The Sun Also Rises. Thomas Putnam described â€Å"Many regard the novel [The Sun Also Rises] as Hemingway's portrait of a generation that has lost its way, restlessly seeking meaning in a postwar world† (par. 25). Jake Barnes, a protagonist of The Sun Also Rises is an example of the â€Å"Lost Generation. † He is wounded during World War I and become impotent. Even though he loves Brett Ashley, his sexual pursuit can’t be satisfied with Brett. Barnes is a man who loses the traditional notions of morality and justice and wanders aimlessly through Paris and Spain. Hemingway had loved Spain during his lifetime. When the Spanish Civil War began, Hemingway visited Spain as a correspondent and supported the Republicans. He made a documentary film, The Spanish Earth and raised money for the Republicans. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War became the base of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (Special Collections par. 1). Hemingway discussed the human value, love, loss of innocence, loss of liberty, death, and brutality of war in that novel. Ernest Hemingway has distinct characteristics on his work; unique writing style, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero,† and works which based on his experiences on war. As one of the most dominant American writers, the characteristics of his works have had a lot of influences on American life. According to the James Nagel, Hemingway’s simple writing style has given important effects to American literature. Especially, his style caused â€Å"the minimalist movement in American fiction. † Besides American fiction, Hemingway’s style has permeated on the American life. America reads newspapers and magazines which are influenced by Hemingway’s prose style and listens to the news which mirrors â€Å"Hemingway’s sparse style† (par. 6-8). In addition, according to the Foster Hirsch, Hemingway’s hard-boiled style has an important effect on the â€Å"tough crime writers† (par. 1). Hemingway’s great works which are based on his experiences of war are famed all over the world; his works announced the brutality of war. In addition, Hemingway reflected the aimless of the generation who survived the World War I. However, he did not continue to reflect the aftermath. Hemingway Code Hero† shows how to confront hardship with dignity to the people who have lost their notions of morality and justice. Works Cited † Ernest Hemingway. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2007. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsof t Corporation. 1 Nov. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway Biography-World War I. † The Hemingway Resource Center. 2007. The Hemingway Resource Center. 26 Oct. 2007 < http://www. lostgeneration. com/ ww1. htm>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway FAQ. † Timeless Hemingway. 2007. Timeless Hemingway. 27 Nov 2007 < http://www. imelesshemingway. com/faq. shtml>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway In His Time-The Spanish Civil War. † Special Collections. 2003. University of Delaware. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. lib. udel. edu/ud/spec/ exhibits/hemngway/spanish. htm>. Baker, Carlos. â€Å"The Way It Was. † Ernest Hemingway: Bloom’s Critical Views. Ed. Bloom. Harold. New York: Chelsea House, 1985. 85-106. Carroll, Will. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † American Literature Web Resources. 2001. Millikin University. 27 Nov. 2007 < http://www. millikin. edu/aci/crow/chronology/ hemingwaybio. html>. Clinton S, Burhans. Jr.. â€Å"On Santiago as A Tragic Hero. Ernest Hemingway’s The Ol d Man and the Sea. Ed. Bloom. Harold. PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. 30-32. Cooper, Michael. â€Å"The Writing Style of Hemingway. † Ezine Articles. 2005. Ezine Articles. 21 Nov. 2007 < http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Writing-Style-of-Hemingway&id=70613>. Donaldson, Scott. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † SimonSays. com. 1998. Simon & Schuster, INC. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. simonsays. com/content/book. cfm? sid=33&pid= 359029>. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 9-34. Hallengren, Anders. â€Å"A Case of Identity: Ernest Hemingway. † Nobelprize. org. 2001. Nobel Foundation. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/ articles/hallengren/index. html>. Hart, Jeffrey. â€Å"Fitzgerald and Hemingway; Modernism Goes Mainstream. † The Dartmouth Review. 2006. The Dartmouth Review. 27 Nov . 2007 < http:// dartreview. com/archives/2006/11/28/fitzgerald_and_hemingway_modernism_goes_mainstream. php>. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970. Hirsch, Foster. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † The Film Noir ’net. 2007. The Film Noir ’net. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://bernardschopen. tripod. com/hemingway. html>. Meehan, Elizabeth. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: The Solitary Hero. † Twentieth-Century American Writers. CA: Lucent Books, 2000. 36-43. Miles, Melvin C. â€Å"An Introductory Overview. † The Lunatic Fringe. 2007. El Camino College. 28 Nov. 2007 < http://www. elcamino. edu/Faculty/sdonnell/hemingway. htm>. Nagel, James. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: A Centennial Assessment. † CNN. com 1999. CNN. 12 Oct. 2007

Diego Rivera

Diego Rivera: â€Å"Detroit Industry† I was very intrigued by â€Å"Detroit Industry†, a massive mural painted by Mexican Muralist Diego Rivera. The artist depicts a part of history, considering both the working conditions within a major automobile factory of the era and a glimpse of social and political issues on the enormous mural. The â€Å"Detroit Industry† mural consists of twenty-seven panels, and stretches up to twenty-two feet high and seventy-three feet wide; which took eleven months to complete.I sensed life, energy and power as Rivera accomplishes the role as an artist by making brilliant decisions and choices. After analyzing the painting, I was able to depict the real meaning and made a real connection. The mural represents the engine and transmission production for the 1932 Ford V8 at the Ford River Rouge factory in Detroit, MI employing over 100,000 people. Diego Rivera seems to have allowed his fascination with the high production of the power of technology inspire his work. The meaning of the mural challenges society and stirs up controversy and raises issues of class and politics.Many people objected Rivera’s work as he painted workers of different races working side by side Even the commissioning of the artist caused a stir; which was financed by Henry Ford’s son, Edsel Ford. Plus the country was in the midst of the Great Depression and many questioned why a Mexican artist was chosen over an American artist. Today, a sign above the entrance of the Rivera Court reads â€Å"If we are proud of our city’s achievements, we should be proud of these paintings and not lose our heads over what Rivera is doing in Mexico today. †The inner workings of the Detroit Industry illustrate a story of a precise and organized production factory. He makes a point by pointing out the relation between man and machines. In the two big panels, the North and South Walls, Rivera portrays the Detroit industry. In the other two, the elements that make up our industrial development. The top of the side walls signifies the four races that have helped form the American culture. The North Wall has the Indian holding in her hands the iron and the copper elements forming in the earth underneath her, natural products important to the industry.On the right, the Black woman holds coal. The upper right and left panels represent man's technical knowledge. The right-hand panel shows the development and use of vaccines from cattle, sheep and horses. The left-hand panel shows scientist making poisonous gases for combat. The middle center represents the industry, men working together in the production and assembly of motors. The South Wall has the other two races. On the left, the White race, and on the right side the Indian race. They hold in their hands limestone and sand.At the left end is the demonstration of the production of pharmaceutical products. On the right side, chemicals are being made. In the main midd le panel, the final frame and body assembly. The giant press, which stamp out the cars’ bodies, resembles a robot. The West Wall carries the theme of transportation and mechanical power. The figures of birds and the motors of planes are seen on the top. On the side of the door, two long panels show tanks and turbines; which symbolize the making of steam power. Pictures of Henry Ford and Thomas Edison are painted at the foot of the turbines.At the top corners of the East Wall are two female figures which represent agriculture. In the middle panel, forms of animal and plant life, soil and fossils are shown. The artist accomplishes the role of a great artist through the choices and decisions he made while freely expressing the beauty of art and its components. The artist uses a unique representation of lines, form, space, balance, color and harmony. One of the many ways in which the artist uses lines in this mural is through the curves and angles of the panels.Also, the artist u ses a different variety of lines as the curves and angles turn into straight lines as well. The form of the â€Å"Detroit Industry† is a two-dimensional square structure, illustrated by real-life interpretations. The artist uses four walls to express his interpretations of the automobile force in Detroit. Space is demonstrated in the artist’s work as he divides the mural into four walls, the north wall, south wall, west wall, and east wall. A selection of hues is used in his work, which creatively blends in a harmonizing manner. In the first panel, harmony is revealed through the use of color.The artist uses light and dark to meet at the center with flourish. While the right panel can seem motionless, the right side of the panel indicates movement with the use of harmony. In conclusion, Diego Rivera is one of the greatest mural painters of all time. Rivera depicted the mass production industry, which made Detroit famous all over the world and contributed much to the we lfare of the country. I was truly inspired by the artist’s depiction of the automobile industry that created many opportunities for many races during the Great Depression.The artist uses the formal elements to create his artwork such as lines, form, shape, balance, color and harmony. The enormous mural that flow with intense decisions and choices can inspire many just as well as it inspires me. Different methods of art mean diverse things to different people. To me, Diego Rivera's mural, Detroit Industry, is truly an unusual painting. It helps me understand the struggle and the past of the city I call home, the Motor City. Sources: 1. Aquilar Diego Rivera Diego Rivera: â€Å"Detroit Industry† I was very intrigued by â€Å"Detroit Industry†, a massive mural painted by Mexican Muralist Diego Rivera. The artist depicts a part of history, considering both the working conditions within a major automobile factory of the era and a glimpse of social and political issues on the enormous mural. The â€Å"Detroit Industry† mural consists of twenty-seven panels, and stretches up to twenty-two feet high and seventy-three feet wide; which took eleven months to complete.I sensed life, energy and power as Rivera accomplishes the role as an artist by making brilliant decisions and choices. After analyzing the painting, I was able to depict the real meaning and made a real connection. The mural represents the engine and transmission production for the 1932 Ford V8 at the Ford River Rouge factory in Detroit, MI employing over 100,000 people. Diego Rivera seems to have allowed his fascination with the high production of the power of technology inspire his work. The meaning of the mural challenges society and stirs up controversy and raises issues of class and politics.Many people objected Rivera’s work as he painted workers of different races working side by side Even the commissioning of the artist caused a stir; which was financed by Henry Ford’s son, Edsel Ford. Plus the country was in the midst of the Great Depression and many questioned why a Mexican artist was chosen over an American artist. Today, a sign above the entrance of the Rivera Court reads â€Å"If we are proud of our city’s achievements, we should be proud of these paintings and not lose our heads over what Rivera is doing in Mexico today. †The inner workings of the Detroit Industry illustrate a story of a precise and organized production factory. He makes a point by pointing out the relation between man and machines. In the two big panels, the North and South Walls, Rivera portrays the Detroit industry. In the other two, the elements that make up our industrial development. The top of the side walls signifies the four races that have helped form the American culture. The North Wall has the Indian holding in her hands the iron and the copper elements forming in the earth underneath her, natural products important to the industry.On the right, the Black woman holds coal. The upper right and left panels represent man's technical knowledge. The right-hand panel shows the development and use of vaccines from cattle, sheep and horses. The left-hand panel shows scientist making poisonous gases for combat. The middle center represents the industry, men working together in the production and assembly of motors. The South Wall has the other two races. On the left, the White race, and on the right side the Indian race. They hold in their hands limestone and sand.At the left end is the demonstration of the production of pharmaceutical products. On the right side, chemicals are being made. In the main midd le panel, the final frame and body assembly. The giant press, which stamp out the cars’ bodies, resembles a robot. The West Wall carries the theme of transportation and mechanical power. The figures of birds and the motors of planes are seen on the top. On the side of the door, two long panels show tanks and turbines; which symbolize the making of steam power. Pictures of Henry Ford and Thomas Edison are painted at the foot of the turbines.At the top corners of the East Wall are two female figures which represent agriculture. In the middle panel, forms of animal and plant life, soil and fossils are shown. The artist accomplishes the role of a great artist through the choices and decisions he made while freely expressing the beauty of art and its components. The artist uses a unique representation of lines, form, space, balance, color and harmony. One of the many ways in which the artist uses lines in this mural is through the curves and angles of the panels.Also, the artist u ses a different variety of lines as the curves and angles turn into straight lines as well. The form of the â€Å"Detroit Industry† is a two-dimensional square structure, illustrated by real-life interpretations. The artist uses four walls to express his interpretations of the automobile force in Detroit. Space is demonstrated in the artist’s work as he divides the mural into four walls, the north wall, south wall, west wall, and east wall. A selection of hues is used in his work, which creatively blends in a harmonizing manner. In the first panel, harmony is revealed through the use of color.The artist uses light and dark to meet at the center with flourish. While the right panel can seem motionless, the right side of the panel indicates movement with the use of harmony. In conclusion, Diego Rivera is one of the greatest mural painters of all time. Rivera depicted the mass production industry, which made Detroit famous all over the world and contributed much to the we lfare of the country. I was truly inspired by the artist’s depiction of the automobile industry that created many opportunities for many races during the Great Depression.The artist uses the formal elements to create his artwork such as lines, form, shape, balance, color and harmony. The enormous mural that flow with intense decisions and choices can inspire many just as well as it inspires me. Different methods of art mean diverse things to different people. To me, Diego Rivera's mural, Detroit Industry, is truly an unusual painting. It helps me understand the struggle and the past of the city I call home, the Motor City. Sources: 1. Aquilar

Buck ONeil - Address at the National Baseball Hall of Fame

John Jordan Buck ONeil Speech at the at the National Baseball Hall of Fame delivered 30 June 2006 Alright, sit down. This is outstanding! Ive been a lot of places. Ive done a lot of things that I really liked doing. I hit the homerun. I hit the grand slam homerun. I hit for the cycle. Ive had a hole-in-one in golf. Ive done a lot of things I liked doing. I shook hands with President Truman. Yeah. Oh, man, I took Oh, [shook hands] with the other President and Ihugged his wife, Hillary. So Ive done a lot of things I liked doing. But Id rather be right here, right now, representing these people that helped build a bridge across the chasm of prejudice not just the ones like Charlie Pride and me that later crossed it. Yeah. This is quite an honor for me.See, I played in the Negro Leagues. Tell you what: The Negro Leagues was nothing like Hollywood try to make it. The Negro Leagues was the third largest black business in this country. Yeah. First, black insurances to white insurances ten cent policy, just enough to bury us. But the black insurances insured our crops, our homes, yeah , our stock. They made millions. Next, Madame C.J. Walker cosmetology. You see that pretty hair over there? Dont you see it on Mrs. Robinson? Tell you what. Yeah. Thats right. Yeah. Yeah. Madame C. J. Walker was doing that a hundred years ago, and she made millions, to tell you the truth. Madame C. J. Walker was the first black woman millionaire in this country. And to tell you Madam C.J. Walker might have been the first woman millionaire in the country that earned it. They had other women millionaires but they inherited the money. Madam C.J. Walker earned it. Next, Negro League baseball. All you needed was a bus, and we rode in some of the best buses money could buy, yeah, a couple of sets of uniforms. You could have 20 of the best athletes that ever lived. And that’s who we are representing here today. It was outstanding. And playing in the Negro leagues what a lot of you don’t know. See, when I played in the Negro leagues I first came to the Negro leagues five percent of Major League ball players were college men because the major leaguers wanted them right out of high school, put them in the minor league, bring them on in. But Negro leagues, 40 percent of Negro leagues, leaguers, were college men. The reason that was, we always spring trained in a black college town and that’s who we played in spring training, the black colleges. So when school was out, they came and played baseball. When baseball season was over, they’d go back to teaching, to coaching, or to classes. That was Negro League baseball. And Im proud to have been a Negro league ball player. Yeah, yeah. And I tell you what, they always said to me Buck, I know you hate people for what they did to you or what they did to your folks. I said, No, man, I I never learned to hate. I hate cancer. Cancer killed my mother. My wife died 10 years ago of cancer. (Im single, ladies.) A good friend of mine I hate AIDS. A good friend of mine died of AIDS three months ago. I hate AIDS. But I can’t hate a human being because my God never made anything ugly. Now, you can be ugly if you wanna, boy, but God didn’t make you that way. Uh, uh. So, I want you to light this valley up this afternoon. Martin [Luther King] said Agape is understanding, creative a redemptive good will toward all men. Agape is an overflowing love which seeks nothing in return. And when you reach love on this level, you love all men, not because you like em, not because their ways appeal to you, but you love them because God loved them. And I love Jehovah my God with all my heart, with all my soul, and I love every one of you as I love myself. Now, I want you to do something for me. I’m fixin to get off this stage now. I think I done my six minutes. But I want you to do something for me. I want you to hold hands. Whoever’s next to you, hold a hand. Come on, you Hall of Famers, hold hands. All you people out there, hold hands. Everybody hooked up? Everybody hooked up? Well then I tell you what. See, I know my brothers up here, my brothers over there I see some black brothers of mine and sisters out there I know they can sing. Can you white folks sing? I want you to sing after me: The greatest thing come on everybody The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all my life is loving you. ¹ Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Now, sit down. Now, sit down. I could talk to you 10 minutes longer, but I got to go to the bathroom. Book/CDs by Michael E. Eidenmuller, Published by McGraw-Hill (2008)  ¹ = from the contemporary Christian praise song, The Greatest Thing by Mark Pendergrass, Sparrow Records (1977) See also: The Negro League Baseball Players Association and The Baseball Hall of Fame. Copyright Status: Text, Audio = Uncertain.

Communication, Writing and Professional Practice-The report of Essay

Communication, Writing and Professional Practice-The report of Workplace Communication in a large Supermarket - Essay Example Retail organizations, like most other organizations, to a larger extent are dependent on their employees for achieving outstanding success on their behalf. internal communication, may it be between peers or between supervisors and managers, forms a link between the people of an organization, which in the long run serves to improve their productivity. This report analyzes the effect that an appropriate communication strategy has on the performance of the employees of a large supermarket in Australia. The report also attempts to find out which communication processes are most effective in the context of a supermarket setting and tries to analyze the reason for their effectiveness. In most organizations, communications is controlled by a set of rules and norms which may be written down formally in the more centralized organizations, or may be communicated orally and informally in more decentralized work settings. It is essentially these rules, and their perception by the employees of a supermarket, that this essay plans on exploring. Gilsdorf (1998), notes that workplace communication and the rules which govern it, whether they are written, unwritten, formal or informal instruct the employees on how to act and what is expected of them. She also points out that having this knowledge maximizes both their effectiveness and the success of their organization because this knowledge helps these employees improve their performance. However, what is most crucial in making this statement is the fact that any sort of communication practice will only achieve its aim if the employees perceive it to be worthwhile. According to Gray and Laidlaw (2002),research literature confirms that organizational communication has been examined mainly from two perspectives; the first one being the process perspective and the second being the perception perspective. The perception perspective is based

Employee Reward (Executive Reward) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employee Reward (Executive Reward) - Essay Example The executive compensation system helps in the improvement of the existing system that helps in accomplishment of goals and objectives. A well structured compensation system helps in the attraction of dynamic and talented pool of executives who can help the company in gaining competitive advantage over its competitors (Browning, 2012).An integrated approach of designing a reward structure helps in developing a system which is directly related to the growth of the company . Executive reward system in a company is the result of a high level interaction between the company executives and the director to maintain an acceptable return on the investment at all times. The executives expect some kind of salary based on daily or annual basis. It also includes employment contracts, portable retirement benefits and deferred compensation (Haygroup, 2013). The company management instead wishes that the executive achieve specific goals and also include developing capabilities (Edge and Davis, 2004 ). A well constructed EC system is only feasible with the development of a leadership framework in which the responsibilities, duties and capabilities are clearly identified and sorted out as per the executive level. In the leadership framework the level, responsibility, capability and results are clearly defined which helps in identification of the opportunities and the development of a strategy. The traditional executive compensation system was developed by Mirrlees and Holmstrom in the year 1975 and later it was modified by Holmstrom and Tirole in the year 1993 (Haygroup, 2013). This theory was developed to help in building an incentive scheme which focuses on trade-off risk sharing and incentive, reward consideration. The theory was also formulated keeping in mind whether the management would be able to pay back the invested amount or not. The author laid emphasis on the fact that stock prices not only reflected the fundamental value of the organization but also signified a shor t term speculative amount. The various constituents of the executive reward systems are as follows: Direct Pay Base Salary The entire executive system would include the annual based salary which would be replaced by the executive salary plans. As per the leadership framework the executive total rewards system would be as follows. Base Salary Annual Incentives and Perks Long Term Incentives Career Development Responsibilities Short Term Success Long Term Success The capability and short term success would be considered The executive salary planning would start as per the market pay data and the desired competitive range would be decided based on the competitive performance of the executives. It also includes the inputs and growth in individual responsibility and the high level performance for the individual (Armstrong, 2002). The salary plans are developed on the assumption of the consistent performance for the executive reward system. Annual Incentive The executive reward system, an nual incentive plan also forms an important part of the total reward and incentive system for the executives (Lepak, 2013). It helps in benchmarking the total work as per the quantitative and qualitative performance standards (Lepak, 2013). To ensure individual accountability the incentive system is designed in such a way that executives are able to accomplish the goals

Women in African Diaspora religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in African Diaspora religion - Essay Example However, these Diaspora religions have an impact on the way gender issues are advancing in the United States of America. These Diaspora religions do this in a number of ways; These Diaspora religions offer many services to the members. However, because the highest number of people in these churches is women, they benefit more from these services. These women are able to get financial support, legal advice, and even counseling. This increases the socioeconomic empowerment of these women. As a result, the presence of these African Diaspora religions has been a boost to the American bid to empower women politically, finally and socially (Griffith & Savage, 2006). It is good to note that the African Diaspora citizens in United States of America make up to one million people, most of whom are women. Most of these people live in American gateway cities such as New York and los Angeles. This means that their impact on socioeconomic matters is likely to affect the rest of the population in United States. As a result, the African Diaspora religions are doing a great job in bringing empowerment to United States of America. These churches also offer political forums albeit in an informal way. They offer these forums in two main ways. To begin with, the church services are full of political connotations and political matters are involved in these services such as in sermons. The leadership in these churches use the pulpit to discuss political matters of their home-country politics and with politics in United States of America. The other way in which these churches offer a political forum for discussing political matters is with regard to the after-service chats that are one on small informal groups. These women are able to hold small groups where they can chat and educate each other with regard to political matters. This makes it easier for

Module review 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module review 1 - Essay Example In the event, that the products are perishable, the uncertainties may result in losses caused by product damage. Notably, possibilities create complexities in operating commodity recovery networks especially in reverse flow. For example, an untimely breakdown or an inaccurate customer forecast can cause a shortage in product availability and the meeting of customer demands. Essential elements of supply chain management comprise of communication, advantage, efficiency, innovation, collaboration, and risk management. All the components to promote sustainability of the process (Altekar 2005). The following explains functions of each component. Communication helps in passing of information across departmental stores, suppliers, sellers, and manufacturers. A comprehensive communication channel enables awareness of potentials and uncertainties thus improving supply. Manufacturing and geographic postponement refer to business strategies that help firms maximize benefits while minimizing possibilities of losses. In this context, a company delay investment until the final phase the opportunity appears viable. Hence, the manufacturing and postponement refer to the measured actions by a firm to adjourn production or distribution of a commodity to the market until they receive an order from the potential customer. Geographic postponement helps in minimizing incidences of wrong production (Altekar 2005). In addition, the delays help reduce cases of deploying incorrect inventories by a corporation. In common, the business and logistics frameworks help in the reduction of anticipated risks in the product supply chain. The most notable example of the strategy includes Dell corporations build to order business online market approach. The company assembles or manufactures electronics based on the quantity of products ordered by the customers. Therefore, De ll Company reduces the risk voluminous production and supply

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore Essay - 7

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore - Essay Example It is planned to carry on research and form an understanding of how Singaporean culture relates to and how they do business. How Singapore do business with another country which does not agree with their beliefs? This research paper will try to analyze the Singapore Culture through the lens of Hofstede’s dimensions and evaluates the same with the American culture and to find out the main areas of issues for the business between Singapore and USA thereby offering a recommendation to fish out these differences to further enhance mutual business between these nations. (www.geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html, 2014). Singapore culture can be regarded as ‘pro-west’ in many manners and it more or less reflects the Anglo-culture. The traditional Singaporean culture encourages the work culture that is comprised of collective decision and group harmony and Western business people who visit Singapore would often face a vast variance and clearly visualize how collectivism still exists in a modern society (Wong, 2013, p.132). In this section of the research paper, more emphasis will be given to what is Singapore’s impact on the business world internationally not just local or regionally? IFC and the World Bank rate Singapore as leading and number one nation as regards to ease of doing business and places Singapore is in the second place in the international level for the strength of investor’s protection. The port of Singapore remains as the globe’s busiest seaport and remains as the second top center for containerized transhipment traffic. Singapore remains as the globe’s 4th largest center for foreign exchange activities.  

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of Literature review

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of an audience 2.Is there an association between anxiety levels, physiological arousal, stature and performance - Literature review Example It can also be looked as a kind of subjectively unpleasant feeling of dread and various kinds of events that are over-anticipated like the feeling of an imminent death. It is important to note that anxiety is not similar to fear (Pertaub, Slater & Barker 2001, 375). Fear is the actual response to real or certain perceived threats in the immediate environment. On the other hand, anxiety refers to the expectation that a certain threat or worse experience will happen in the future. In this case, anxiety can be seen as a special feeling of worry, fear and an uneasiness that is often generalized and also unfocussed as an overreaction to situations that seem to be subjectively menacing. In some cases, anxiety is often associated with restlessness, muscular tensions, fatigue as well as problems and challenges in concentration (Karunakaran 2011, 49; Bailey & Wells 2013, 328). It is important to note that anxiety can be an appropriate action and feeling; however, when it is not managed effectively and goes on for a long time, it can be dangerous to the particular individual by causing anxiety disorders (Crawford 2004, 518). This kind of disorders can affect an individual’s productivity at the work place, family and in personal life, calling for the need to manage it in the most effective and efficient ways. People that often have varying levels of anxiety often do not perform equally in front of their audience. Different people often have various ways in which they manage their stress levels, while some can easily put it under control in order to perform well in various disciplines, others, especially those coming into the sport for the first time like athletes and performers can be broken down by it. For most performers, those that ends up failing to manage stage fright end up having high levels of anxiety, which affects their performance. For athletes, the

Pharmacology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacology - Coursework Example Decline in GH levels is rapid; assessment suppression can be made at the outset to identify the patient’s responsiveness to octreotide. Patients whose GH levels return s to the baseline before the end of the dosing period, administration frequency can be further increased. Addressing some of the short comings, formulation of Somatostatin analogs extends duration of action has been developed. It is administered in a single intramuscular injection; they result in similar sustained than those of subcutaneous preparations. The GH inhibitory effects are also significantly better to patients who harbor densely granulated somatotroph. Sparsely granulated GH should be suspected in patients who prevent at an older age with a minimal elevation of non suppressible GH levels. The main adverse events are associated with the use of Somatostatin which includes transient abdominal cramps and mal absorptive diarrhea. Increases in the gall bladder sludge and stone formation, these are typically clinical significant. Long acting Somatostatin is expensive and requires a reconstruction technique before injection, compared with subcutaneous preparations. It is anticipated, newer Somatostatin receptor selective analogs will prove to be more useful and easier to administer. It is relatively recent that consensus has begun to emerge on the definition of a safe and acceptable degree of acromegaly control. Prospective examination of the impact of medical management on the rate of acromegaly associated has just started. The results of retrospective studies support the role of adjunctive medical therapy in normalizing the level of IGF-1 and mortality rates inpatient with postoperative persistent diseases (Gabriel, 2006). The work of a brochure is to explain deeply the course of certain aliments, mode of cure and how to prevent the spread. Brochures’ with bright colors tend to attract attention; they are spearheaded for marketing

Organic Food vs. Non Organic Food Essay Example for Free

Organic Food vs. Non Organic Food Essay In today’s society you walk into a grocery store and you always have the option of organic or non organic food. There are even grocery stores dedicated to organic foods like Trader Joe’s, Sprouts and Whole Food market. I personally have gone organic and will never go back to eating or drinking non organic food. Organic food may be pricey but less hormones, less cow puss and blood in your milk, and less pesticides. The controversies about organic food vs non organic food is it worth it? My answer is 100 percent yes organic is the way to go. The fruits and vegetables you get at a normal grocery store that are non organic have several pesticides on it. According to the daily green, ‘ eating organic means avoiding the pesticide residue left on foods. † Though there are mixed reviews on if consuming pesticides hurt your immune system, pregnant women are taking the cautionary steps on making sure their future child will be born healthy and not be exposed to pesticides at an early age. On the Dirty Dozen list, apples are the number 1 food source of 2011, with over 40 known pesticides in just 1 apple. Not surprisingly, pesticide residue is also found in apple juice and apple sauce, making all apple products smart foods to buy organic. Strawberries have over 60 pesticides on it, so while you â€Å"wash† your strawberries remember you are eating pesticide residue remains on those strawberries you bought at the food market. 93% of Americans tested by the CDC had metabolites of chlorpyrifos a nuerotoxic insecticide in their urine. Banned from home use because of its risks to children, chlorpyrifos is part of a family of pesticides (organophosphates) linked to ADHD. Women who were exposed to DDT as girls are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer, according to Panna. Several people are allergic to the growth hormone farmers put in their animals, but are able to eat organic meats because animals raised organically are not allowed to be fed antibiotics, the bovine human growth hormone (rbGH), or other artificial drugs. Animals are also not allowed to eat genetically modified foods. Organic meat the animals are also killed more humane than non organic animals. The animals are raised in a healthier environment, fed organic feed, and often eat a wider range of nutrients than those raised in factory farms (such as would be the case of free-range chickens and ranch cattle). Cbn. com stated, â€Å"In a recent poll, two-thirds of Americans surveyed stated they would like to be able to fit organic foods into their budgets. † Organic food may cost more but less exposure to unnecessary hormones and pesticides is worth it. Organic is the way to go, lower pesticide levels, more nutrients, no antibiotics, no added growth hormones, and environmental responsibility. Although research findings about benefits of organic produce are not conclusive, it is definite that organic stuff is safer than the produce with traces of pesticides. Organic milk, vegetables and fruits are much more expensive than the non-organic but if you can afford it then go for it. If more people start buying organic food then gradually their prices will gradually come down.

Russian Economy in the Late 1990s Essay Example for Free

Russian Economy in the Late 1990s Essay The process of economic transformation in Russia has been marked by a prolonged transitional depression and macroeconomic instability: seven years of continuing decline resulted in a cumulative drop of GDP by more than 40% between 1989 and 1996; in that period there were also several outbursts of near- hyperinflation. The first radical effort to tackle inflation was the IMF-supported stabilization program of 1995. It focused on tight monetary control and nominal exchange rate targets; subsequently, direct central bank financing of the budget was discontinued and the exchange rate was placed under control. In the years that followed, Russia made marked progress towards price and exchange rate stability and this prompted positive expectations in the West and a widespread perception that the country was pursuing the right course of reforms. It is important to point out that the 1995 stabilization effort was not supported by deep structural and institutional reforms. Russia inherited from the past an over-industrialized economy, dominated by highly inefficient heavy industry (including the military-industrial complex). The liberalization of prices and the discontinuation of subsidies resulted de facto in the destruction of a large share of the existing capital stock. Restructuring these industries is a serious policy task: simply closing down the large number of inefficient enterprises would not be socially and politically tolerable, but unfortunately that was the way of Russian development during 1990s. In these circumstances the Russian authorities started speedy, give-away mass privatization program which was carried out during 1992-1994. However, this resulted in most cases in the concentration of effective property rights in the hands of insiders (company managers) who had neither the willing nor the capital to perform the necessary deep restructuring of the enterprises. The newly emerging system of private ownership was not conducive to effective corporate governance and was in fact another obstacle to the process of enterprise restructuring. Moreover, the loopholes in law system seem to have incited a continued stripping of the assets of the privatized enterprises rather than their market-oriented restructuring. Thus, the progress in institutional and legislative reforms in Russia in the 1990s has been modest and the emerging market infrastructure in the country is extremely poor. This is especially so in the areas of commercial and corporate law. The execution of agreements most often relies on the goodwill of the parties, while contract enforcement is often impossible by legal means. Very little was done to reform the functioning of Russian public administration whose lack of transparency is well known. It gave birth to widespread rent seeking which resulted in the de facto concentration of wealth in a relatively small group of oligarchs. This distorted socio-political environment, and the presence of a mistakes in public administration has created a vicious circle which is a major obstacle to reforms and to social justice. One frequent characteristic of the Russian nouveaux-riches is that the wealth of numerous members of the new class was not acquired as a result of entrepreneurial success; it was simply easy money, obtained in some cases from illegal or semi-legal activity. Huge amounts of capital left Russia and were spent on luxury goods or just placed in safe havens instead of being put to productive use within the country. The unprecedentedly rapid stratification of society and the lack of social justice eroded initial public support for the reforms and strengthened the opposition to the reform process. It was in this economic and institutional environment that the Russian government launched the 1995 stabilization program. The climate for productive investment in Russia remained hostile, mostly due to the negative impact of this environment. The persistent lack of investor confidence leaded to further decapitalization of the economy. In real terms, gross fixed investment in 1997 was a quarter of its 1991 level. The prolonged financial pressure on manufactories provoked a credit crunch and the emergence of various monetary surrogates (acting as an alternative to money) and widespread barter (closely related to the diffusion of loss-making activity) which eroded further the tax base. Wage arrears kept mounting not only in the public domain but also in the corporate sector: in 1996 the arrears were, on average, for about 85% of total wage. The escalation of this situation was in May 1998, when doctors, workers and coal miners went on a massive strike over unpaid wages, blocking the Trans-Siberian Railway. After a short recovery in 1997, the economic situation started to getting worse in early 1998. Russia depends heavily on exports of energy resources and other primary commodities which make up 80% of merchandise exports, and the weakening of global demand and the unprecedented fall in their prices in the aftermath of the Asian crisis had a significant negative impact on its economy. There was a sharp fall in export earnings (about 12% in the first half of 1998) and this had a major impact on Russias external and fiscal balances. The fiscal problem There is wide agreement that the Russian fiscal crisis is itself just the expression of the overall crisis of the Russian transformation. Fundamental institutional reform of both taxation and expenditure has been repeatedly set back by political conflicts, such as constitutional crisis in 1993 and the problem of regional separatism. For the first half of 1998, the consolidated budget deficit (federal, regional and local) stood at 4. % of GDP, according to the lowest official figures. The overall position was considerably worse than this, particularly because the major extra-budgetary fund, the Pension Fund, had also a large deficit. These figures must also be seen in the context of wage arrears throughout all sectors of the economy. In the first quarter of 1998 debt service was fully one-third of federal spending. This visible strain was in itself another factor that destibilized confidence in the ability of the government to correct the situation. The growing burden of interest payments was built into the measures taken in 1995: while Russian official figures continue to record the 1995 budget deficit at 3. 0% of GDP, interest payments on the growing stock of GKO (Government Short-Term Commitments) were actually adding nearly the same amount to the financing needs in that year. The first issues of GKOs were available only to residents, and offered very high interest rates. In 1996, and in part as a result of International Monetary Fund insistence, the market was opened to non-residents. This did eventually succeed in lowering the interest rates, but it also clearly meant that the dangerous accumulation of debt could be continued. Until the first major crisis of confidence, this is what, in fact, occurred in 1998. The financial crisis of summer 1998 As part of the efforts to achieve macroeconomic stabilization, the federal government had made increasing use of Government Short-Term Commitments. But the situation remained dangerous: of the government deficit as much as 50% was due to interest payments. As Russias current account deteriorated from a position of surplus in 1997 to a deficit forecast at 1. 5-2% of GDP for 1998 as a whole, the rouble came under pressure and monetary policy was tightened with the result that the interest rates on GKOs reached levels of more than 100%. The consequent decline in the value of government securities led to calls by the foreign creditors of Russian banks for addition a repo loans. Thus, russian banks came under pressure to raise additional funds at just the time when the central bank was draining liquidity from the market as part of its attempt to defend the exchange rate. Due to the falls in the value of government securities, banks efforts to borrow were transferred to the interbank market that eventually couldnt function. These difficulties signaled the liquidity squeeze on Russian banks to international lenders, and increased their fears of becoming a bankrupt. At the same time the government faced increasing difficulties over borrowing to meet the interest obligations on its debt. The package of international loans from the IMF, the World Bank and Japan arranged in July was to provide Russia with funding of $17 billion during the 1998 and 1999. However, the attempt to defend the exchange rate which followed, was eventually abandoned, and a wider band for the rouble/dollar exchange rate was introduced in the third week in August that leaded to a rouble depreciation of more than 25%. On 2 September 1998 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation decided to abandon the floating peg policy and float the ruble freely. By 21 September 1998 the exchange rate had reached 21 rubles for one US dollar, meaning it had lost two thirds of its value of less than a month earlier. The moratorium on government debt caused large losses to foreign banks. For Russian banks the losses associated with the crisis are estimated at 40% of their assets. Despite the small scale of international exposure to Russia, the emergency measures taken by its government were accompanied by significant declines in prices in international financial markets and important downward revisions in forecast of capital inflows to developing and transition economies. Recovery Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed. Much of the reason for the recovery is that world oil prices rapidly rose during 1999–2000 (just as falling energy prices helped to deepen Russias troubles), so that Russia ran a large trade surplus in 1999 and 2000. Another reason is that domestic industries, such as food producing, had benefited from the devaluation, which caused a steep increase in the prices of imported goods. Also, since Russias economy was operating to such a large extent on other non-monetary instruments of exchange, the financial collapse had far less of an impact on many producers. Finally, the economy had been helped by an infusion of cash. As enterprises were able to pay all debts on wages, consumer demand for goods and services produced by the Russian industry began to rise. For the first time in many years, in 2000 unemployment fell as enterprises added workers. Since the 1998 crisis, the Russian government has managed to keep social and political pressures under control, and this has played a essential role in recovery during the early 2000s.

Stoichiometry Calculations Essay

Stoichiometry Calculations Essay Regina Marin Chapter 12: Stoichiometry SECTION 1 – WHAT IS STOICHIOMETRY? Mole-Mass Relationships in chemical reactions The balance equations is the main basis of stoichiometry, and that is the first thing to do when you want to measure a chemical process. The information provided by the chemical equation is interpreted according to the needs. And the mole is associated with the molecular weight, the molar ratios of an equation can be associated with certain of the substances involved by the mol mass. The transformations that occur in a chemical reaction is governed by the law of conservation of mass: Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. Let`s try to interpret an equation in terms of moles, particles, and mass. Remeber 2 important facts: The coefficient indicates the amount of molecules The coefficient also indicates the amount of moles Then lets get the mass of the reactants and the products by using conversion. Moles reactant/product * grams reactant/product / 1 mole reactant/product = grams reactant Mole Ratios We know that there is a direct relationship between mole and molecule. This relationship is Avogadros number. A mole always contains Avogadros number of molecules. Thus the relationships between molecules given by the stoichiometric coefficients are also valid for moles. When a chemical reaction in the molar ratios of reactants and products are given, if you can have fractional stoichiometric coefficients, since the amounts of molecules involved are very high, and we can talk about half mole of molecules or of a third mole of molecules. Stoichiometric coefficients indicate the proportion that the moles of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. SECTION 2 – STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS Stoichiometric mole-to-mole Conversion In this type of reaction the starting material is expressed in moles, and the desired substance are requested in moles. In stoichiometric calculations results are reported be rounded to two decimals. Similarly, the atomic masses of elements should be used rounded to two decimals. Recalling: Rounding to two decimal places, we use as a basis the third decimal. If this is greater than or equal to 5, increase one unit to two decimal places; if less than or equal to 4 the second decimal lacifra be retained. So let`s see the steps to make a mole to mole conversion: STEP 1: Balancing the equation Reviewing the equation we make sure that is really well balanced. We can represent the balanced equation in the data and the unknown exercise. STEP 2: Identify We need to identify the substance that we are looking for and the one that we are starting of. STEP 3: Apply the mole ratio. The moles of desired substance and starting the get from the balanced equation. Stoichiometric mole-to-mas Conversion To find the mass of a product, is enough to multiply the moles of the product by it`s molecular weight in g / mol. Stoichiometric mass-to-mass conversion Molar factor method is based on the ratio of the number of moles between two substances participating in a chemical reaction. Step 1: Balance the equation Step 2: Determine the molar factor, which is equal to the number of moles searched on the number of moles known. Step 3: Find the moles of O2 from O2 500g Step 4: Find the moles of SO3 from the O2 Step 5: We find the grams of SO3 after the SO3 mol 31.25 SECTION 3 – LIMITING REACTANTS Why do Reactions Stop? When adjusted equation, the coefficients represent the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and the products. Also represent the number of molecules and moles of reactants and products. When an equation is set, the stoichiometry is used to find the moles of a product obtained from a known number of moles of a reagent. The mole ratio between reactant and product is obtained from the fitted equation. Sometimes mistakenly believes that the reactions are always used the exact amounts of reagents. However, in normal practice it is usually an excess of one or more reactants are used, to ensure that the widest possible to react the less abundant reactive. Limiting Reactants When a reaction is stopped because just one of the reactants, that reactant is called the limiting reactant. One reactant that has been completely consumed in a chemical reaction is known by the name of limiting reagent as it determines or limits the amount of product formed. â€Å"Limiting reagent is one that is in default based on the balanced chemical equation† 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O In the equation above, What is the limiting reactant if we have 10 molecules of hydrogen and 10 oxygen molecules? Need 2 molecules per molecule of H2 O2 But we only have 10 molecules of H2 and 10 molecules of O2. The required ratio is 2: 1 But we have the proportion is 1: 1 It is clear that the excess reagent is the limiting reactant O2 and H2 is How to work with molecules is the same as working with moles. If we now put 15 moles of H2 with 5 moles of O2 so as the stoichiometry of the reaction is such that 1 mol of O2 reacts with 2 moles of H2, then the number of moles of O2 needed to react with all the H2 is 7, 5, and the number of moles of H2 required to react with all the O2 is 10. That is, that after all the oxygen has been consumed, 5 moles of hydrogen left over. The O2 is the limiting reactant One way to solve the problem of what is the limiting reagent is: Calculate the amount of product to be formed for each of the quantities to the reaction reagent. The limiting reactant is one that produces the least amount of product. Excess Reactant The reactant is completely consumed is called the limiting reagent because it determines the amount of product that can be produced in the reaction. When the limiting reactant is consumed, the reaction is stopped. The reactant reacts not completely, but plenty, is called the excess reagent. If we have a certain amount two elements or compounds to produce a chemical reaction, we can know in advance what will be the limiting reagent and excess reagent which, making some calculations based on the balanced chemical equation. SECTION 4 – PERCENT YIELD How much product? When the stoichiometric calculations for finding as a substance produced in a chemical reaction is made, it is expected that the amount produced of the substance will always be less than the amount of the substance to be obtained , this happens because not everything reacts completely converted to product , ie not all that does react 100% . Because of this, in stoichiometry concept yield percentage is included , the percent yield is a chemical reaction is the ratio between the actual performance and theoretical performance, the ratio of grams that actually occur in the reaction and grams that would be obtained if all you react is transformed into product. If a problem involving a chemical reaction term refers to the theoretical yield of a reaction means that we take as if everything becomes reactive product , otherwise we would be talking about an actual performance. The equation used to solve problems that involve the performance of a chemical reaction is as follows: . % Yield = (actual yield ( g ) ) / (theoretical yield ( g ) ) Ãâ€" 100 % If a problem of chemical reaction we give grams that actually produce a substance by reacting certain amount of reactant either molar or mass , it can find the percentage yield of the reaction using this equation, because they would not be given the actual performance and theoretical performance assuming that the substance would find completely react .

John F. Kennedy :: essays research papers

John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States (1961-1963). He was the youngest person ever to be elected president. Also, He was the first Roman Catholic president and the first president to be born in the 20the century. He served in World War II on PT boat. He also helped to solve the Cuban Missile Crisis and started Peace of Corps to help 3rd world countries better them selves. Kennedy was assassinated before he completed his third year as president. Therefore, his achievements were limited. He was shot in the head and died within an hour. Kennedy was born on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the second of nine children of Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. "The other children in the family were Joseph, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Edward."(Encarta' 95). "The Kennedys were an active family. With 11 people in the house, someone was always busy. The children took swimming, sailing, and tennis lessons."(Potts, Steve - 7). The Kennedy family had long been active in politics. His brothers Robert and Edward Kennedy also entered politics. Kennedy's both grand fathers had been active in politics. His father was a self-made millionaire. He served as first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kennedy's family called him jack. He and his older brother Joe were strong rivals. Jack was quiet and often shy, but held his owns in fights with Jo e. "The boys enjoyed playing touch football."(The World Book Encyclopedia, 261). His childhood was full of sports, fun and activity. This all ended when he grew up old enough to leave for school. Kennedy attended elementary schools in Brookline and Riverdale. "In 1930, when he was 13 years old, his father sent him to the Canterbury School in New Milford, Conn." (The World Book Encyclopedia, 261). One year later, he transferred to Choate Academy in Wallingford, Coon. He graduated from Choate in 1935 at the age of 18. He was promised a trip to London as a graduation gift but he became ill with jaundice and would have to go to the hospital. He spent the rest of the summer trying to recover. He was not entirely well when he started Princeton, several weeks later in the fall of 1935. The jaundice returned and he had to drop out of school.

Wetlands Essay -- Nature Wildlife Essays

Wetlands A clear and widely accepted definition of a wetland has yet to be established. Wetlands are of various types and function, and occur in diverse locations, and climates which in part make them difficult to define. Many definitions of a wetland have been posed by different groups and individuals, some of the definitions include: â€Å"An area of land that has hydric soil and hydrophytic vegetation, typically flooded for part of the year, and forming a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial systems (Brady and Weil, 1999).† A wetland is an ecosystem that depends on constant or recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate (soil). The minimum essential characteristics of a wetland are recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation at or near the surface and the presence of physical, chemical, and biological features reflective of recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation. (National Research Council, 1995).† In g eneral Mitsh and Gosselink (1993) define wetlands as areas that have characteristics of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but are neither. Wetland classification systems are not used consistently by all groups of people, consequently wetland classification differences occur regionally. Wetlands classifications include; bogs, fens, swamps and flood plain forests, marshes, and wet meadows. In North Carolina Wetlands are classified by the source of moisture and include; wetlands sustained by rainfall, wetlands sustained by ground water discharge, wetlands sustained by ground water and surface water, wetlands on rivers and lakes, and wetlands on the ocean. This classification system has subcategories under each type of wetland (Vepra... ...npoint pollution. J. Soil & Water Conserv. 40:87-97. Mitsch, W.J. 1993. Landscape design and the role of created, restored, and natural riparian wetlands in controlling nonpoint source pollution. Pages 43-70. In: Created and Natural Wetlands for Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution, R.K. Olson (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Richards,C.J. (Ed.) 1981. Pocosin Wetlands, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company. Van der Valk, A. and R. Jolly. 1993. Recommendations for research to develop guidelines for the use of wetlands to control rural nonpoint source pollution. Pages 167- 190. In: Created and Natural Wetlands for Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution, R.K. Olson (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark (Eds.) 1978 Wetland Functions and values: The state of our understanding. Am. Water Resources Assoc., Minneapolis.

Principles of Persuasion in Commercials Essay -- Advertising Marketing

Principles of Persuasion "higher involvement with a publication leads to more favorable perceptions of embedded ads, and higher levels of advertising persuasion" (Tipps 2000) Every day, consumers are exposed to no less than 1000 commercial messages (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). Of all the different techniques and strategies that try to make an advertisement most effective there is an underlying principle – persuasion. The whole point of any marketing ploy is to get the audiences attention and then change the mind to believe that their product or service is the best. There are a variety of different mediums in which consumers are exposed to advertisements: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards, and public transportation. In all types of media, persuasion is used; yet there is not one theory that can establish a single hypothesis as to the direct route a message takes to make a favourable judgement. In order to have a holistic knowledge about the psychology behind persuasion, seven main theories of persuasion will be examined. The Cognitive-Response Model explains that the persuasion process takes place when a person reflects on the content of the message and has cognitive responses to the message. Cognitive responses are thoughts that develop while the process of elaborating on the message occur. Cognitive responses can be relating the message, to other messages previously exposed to or already existing knowledge of that product of service that is trying to be sold (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). This suggests then that persuasion happens when cognitive responses are favourable to the message. The proposition of the Dual-Process Model is that there is more than one means... ...signing Persuasive Messages: Deductions from the Resource Matching Hypothesis. Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, 135-59. Gilbert, Daniel T. (1991) How Mental Systems Believe. American Psychologist, 46, 107-19. Gresko, Kennedy, Lesniak. (2000) Social Psychological Factors Underlying the Impact of Advertising. "www.csa.com/htbin/ids52/pocskel.cgi". Krugman, et al. (1994). Advertising: It's Role in Modern Marketing. United States of America: The Dryden Press. Meyers-Levy, J., Malaviya, P. (1999). Consumers' Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories. Journal of Marketing Special Issues, 63, 45-60. Tipps, Steven W. (2000). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 60, 3737. Principles of Persuasion in Commercials Essay -- Advertising Marketing Principles of Persuasion "higher involvement with a publication leads to more favorable perceptions of embedded ads, and higher levels of advertising persuasion" (Tipps 2000) Every day, consumers are exposed to no less than 1000 commercial messages (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). Of all the different techniques and strategies that try to make an advertisement most effective there is an underlying principle – persuasion. The whole point of any marketing ploy is to get the audiences attention and then change the mind to believe that their product or service is the best. There are a variety of different mediums in which consumers are exposed to advertisements: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards, and public transportation. In all types of media, persuasion is used; yet there is not one theory that can establish a single hypothesis as to the direct route a message takes to make a favourable judgement. In order to have a holistic knowledge about the psychology behind persuasion, seven main theories of persuasion will be examined. The Cognitive-Response Model explains that the persuasion process takes place when a person reflects on the content of the message and has cognitive responses to the message. Cognitive responses are thoughts that develop while the process of elaborating on the message occur. Cognitive responses can be relating the message, to other messages previously exposed to or already existing knowledge of that product of service that is trying to be sold (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). This suggests then that persuasion happens when cognitive responses are favourable to the message. The proposition of the Dual-Process Model is that there is more than one means... ...signing Persuasive Messages: Deductions from the Resource Matching Hypothesis. Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, 135-59. Gilbert, Daniel T. (1991) How Mental Systems Believe. American Psychologist, 46, 107-19. Gresko, Kennedy, Lesniak. (2000) Social Psychological Factors Underlying the Impact of Advertising. "www.csa.com/htbin/ids52/pocskel.cgi". Krugman, et al. (1994). Advertising: It's Role in Modern Marketing. United States of America: The Dryden Press. Meyers-Levy, J., Malaviya, P. (1999). Consumers' Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories. Journal of Marketing Special Issues, 63, 45-60. Tipps, Steven W. (2000). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 60, 3737.

Mental Retardation

70. 55. 40. 25. These are the four degrees of mental retardation. These numbers represent the severity of mental retardation in an individual. Each degree is categorized under Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound. Severity Unspecified is also a term used when there is a strong presumption of Mental Retardation but the standards test cannot conclude the severity therefore the person’s intelligence is not sustained by the standard test. In diagnosing mental retardation, there must be three criterion’s met a IQ below 70 and significant limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behaviors.In example, communication, self help, interpersonal skills, self-directions, resources, functional academic skills, work, home living, health and safety (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). A more common symptom for an individual with mental retardation is adaptive functioning. A persons background is also taken into consideration during the test analysis social cultural background, motivation and education. Genetic screening takes place before the child is born. There are a few common tests that can help in diagnosing. Prenatal testing is offered to detect any changes in the fetus.This testing is offered if there is a increase risk’s that the fetus will have a chromosomal or genetic disorder. However, this cannot detect all birth disorders. Diagnostic testing is put into use when there is suspicion of a particular condition based on physical signs and symptoms. Newborn screening is used right after birth to identify any genetic disorders (Undefined. 2013). Among children, the cause is usually unknown for one-third to one-half of cases (Daily, Ardringer, and Holmes. 2000). Mental Retardation is diagnosed before eighteen years of age.A few common causes of Mental Retardation are genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy, and problems at birth, exposure to toxins or diseases, and malnutrition. Genetic conditions can occur when genes are combined or the parents inherit abnormal genes. A fetus not developing properly in the womb can also lead to Mental Retardation. Problems at birth can lead to brain damage when a child is unable to get enough oxygen. Exposure to toxins and diseases such as lead, mercury or contracting whooping cough, measles or meningitis can cause mental disability.Malnutrition has also been a cause of reduced intelligence. Mild Mental Retardation used to be referred to as an educational category or â€Å"educable†. About eighty five percent of individuals with Mental Retardation are diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation. A typical individual can usually develop social and communication skills during his or her preschool years, zero to five years of age. Though they have minimal impairment in sensorimotor areas they are not often distinguishable from other children until they have reached a later age.During their late teen years they have acquired academic skills equivalent to a sixth grader. Social and v ocational skills for minimal support are achieved during the their adult years. A few individuals may need supervision, assistance or guidance. This is more common during unusual social or economic stress. However, as adults they have proven to be successful in the community under independent or supervised settings. Moderate mental retardation is referred to in the education category as â€Å"trainable.† This term is generally not used nor should be used since it implies that people with Moderate Mental Retardation do not benefit from an education program (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Out of the entire population of people diagnosed with Mental Retardation, only ten percent are constituted as Moderate. People diagnosed with Moderate Mental Retardation acquire communication skills early in childhood and often benefit from vocational training or moderate supervision. Individuals with Moderate Mental Retardation are able to attend to their personal care and have the capability to travel independently in familiar places.Training in social and occupational is beneficial, however persons diagnosed are unlikely to progress beyond the second grade level in academic subjects. During the adolescent years social conventions can interfere with peer relationships. In adult years, the individual is able to perform skilled or semi skilled tasks under minimal supervision in the general workforce. Persons with Moderate Mental Retardation adapt well to life in the community usually under supervision (American Psychiatric Association. 2000).Severe Mental Retardation occurs in three to four percent of the population. The individual may learn little to no communication but can be trained to adapt to elementary skills. An extension in pre academic subjects is highly profited. This can lead to familiarizing themselves with the alphabet, survival words and simple counting tasks. A person is capable of adapting well to life in the community unless another handicap i s associated. One percent to two percent is diagnosed with Profound Mental Retardation.A child who displays a considerable impairment in sensorimotor functioning is diagnosed with Profound Mental Retardation, however most are identified through neurological conditions accounting for Mental Retardation. High development can occur in a very structured environment of supervision and reoccurring aid. An individualized relationship between the caregiver and diagnosed individual is best suited. Clinically, Mental Retardation is only a subtype of intellectual deficit; a broader concept and includes intellectual deficits but are too mild to accurately pin point and qualify as Mental Retardation.In contrast, this can also be too specific (as in Specific Learning Disability) or something acquired later in life through acquired brain injuries or neurodegenerative disease like dementia. Intellectual deficits can appear at any age unlike Mental Retardation, which is primarily diagnosed before th e age of eighteen. However, Developmental Disability is a disability due to problems with growth and development (Lawyer. 2010). The term Development Disability encompasses various congenital medical conditions that are not related to mental or intellectual components, though it is at times used as a euphemism for Mental Retardation.

Forensic Scientists in Law Enforcement Essay

With the advancement in information technology, the complexity of sinful cases has a exchangeable increased. This has led to upgrade incidences of highly sophisticate crimes that require a well grounded try that lowlife friend prosecutors to proof an soul guilty before a tap of law. This can be done successfully by use of rhetorical scholarship. due(p) to this it can be fully hold that much than rhetorical scientists should be occupied in endeavor to deal with the rising cases of crime whose justification in tourist court following due process is a challenge (Fridell, 2006, p.27).If more rhetorical scientists be deployed, they volition service in the probe of numerous cases on downfall of tonality financial and non-financial organizations that has been due to mismanagement of coin by misappropriation ,embezzlement and corruption. Here, the forensic accountants depart play a critical place in gathering, analyzing interpretation and examination to search fo r accounting secernate that can be used for the successful prosecution of the offenders (Barnie, 2007, p. 11).The management of crime by the security institutions shortly utilizes digital technology for tracking crimes exploitation CCTV cameras. This means more digital forensics atomic number 18 required to retrieve the digital images, refashion and interpret them so as become present that prosecute a somebody in accordance with the law of land. Therefore, the manipulation of more forensic scientists ordain wreak digital forensics more available. Currently, crimes think to documentations such(prenominal)(prenominal) as forgery of signature and certificates be common.If more forensic specialists argon assiduous at an increasing rate, they will overhaul in forensic examinations of these documents by analyzing and rendition the results victimization handwriting and printmaking techniques for gathering evidence that is sufficient for enforcement of the law. Another atomi c number 18a where forensic specialists can assist is in the compass of economics for obtaining evidence required for assessing economic damages which include replacement of labor, vent of expediencys and allowances, future medical expenses and costs and agate line proceeds (Moore, 2001, p.14). More forensic scientists will make it easier to study engineering failures of buildings and machines. By utilizing engineering forensic science, the police and sound practitioners will be able to delineate the source of the failures and who are responsible for them. This pleasing of evidence will form a firm ground for enforcement of the law by and through prosecution of the identified victims. More forensic specialist if employed will help in resolving cases that are cerebrate to mental problems.The forensic psychologists and psychiatrists will study, assess and station illnesses associated with mental disorders and human focussing of animateness in order to bring on sufficient evidence for the court s benefit which may be predisposing factors towards criminal activities (Fridell, 2006, p. 35. Another area which will benefit from employment of more forensic scientist is the conniption of action of criminology.This would be through the use of conspiracy in evidence from impressions like foundation garment wears and finger print, control materials and remains evidence which are used for the examination of the severeness held in the criminal evidence. forensic biology also stand to benefit through employment of more forensic scientists who be used in conducting serological and deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of hears of obtained from body fluids and parts.The information obtained from this sample can be used for designation of suspect individuals who are at the scene of crime for trial in the courts of law. Sometimes, masses die and get buried on the Q.T. thus making it difficulty to identify them due to wish of specialists who have companionshi p and skills for relating human remains. Employment of forensic entomologists will assist in shading more light in such enigmatic situations where the courts require evidence of details like time and location of the finish.More such experts will assist in using pathology knowledge in providing evidence for dubiousness commissions investigating unknown possible causes of death (Ben, 2001, p. 21). The modern world is characterized with perpetual cases of chemic pollutions which are toxic to all living organisms. These pollutants cause numerous cases of deaths that go strange due to lack of specialists with technical skills and knowledge for studying , analyzing and relating the toxic effects of the pollutants to the organisms thence the producers of this pollutants go scout free.If more forensic toxicologist are employed, there will be sufficient evidence for prosecuting the polluter in a court of law where they can compensate those affected by the item (Ben, 2001, p. 19). Empl oyment of more forensic experts will focus weather conditions in peculiar(prenominal) areas been examined. This will be helpful in searching for evidence for causes of many aeronautic accidents that remain unresolved due to lack of tangible proof of their root causes. such situations have led to failure of requital by insurance companies to the airline companies. The similar has been the benchmark towards various aviation related crimes which can then be adequately addressed through forensic science (Fridell, 2006, p. 43). It is also important to employ more forensic specialists since they will provide specialise and highly demanded interpretation skills of different languages that are necessary for legal evidence. This will assist a lot in areas that are multi-linguistic diverse.In conclusion therefore, employment of more forensic scientists accrues more benefits and will promote the judicial system in its wiz objective of providing justice equitably to all. commendation Bar nie Adrian (2007) Fundamentals of Forensic Science. Security Management, Vol. 51, pp. 11 Ben Rothke (2001) Digital Evidence and Computer umbrage Forensic Science, Computers and Internet. Security Management, Vol. 45, pp. 21, 29 Fridell Ron (2006) Forensic Science. London, Routledge, pp. 27, 35, 43 Moore Grace (2001) Detective manufacture and the Rise of Forensic Science. Critical Survey, Vol. 13, pp. 14

Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation Essay

In the early sixteenth century the Protestant Reformation had happened and made the popularity of universality to decline. In response to the Protestant Reformation the Catholic Reformation was issued to reestablish the power and popularity of Catholicism and the papistical Catholic church service. The Catholic Reformation created new societies, age fixing problems of the Roman Catholic church. Through the Catholic ReformationThe main reasons for the Catholic Reformation was a response to Protestantism and a response to reform the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church was riddled with corruption and scandals such(prenominal) as simony(sale of church offices), absenteeism(priests not showing up to services), and the sale of indulgences(paying the church to absolve sins). Many priests were illiterate and some abused their powers for absolution of sins To reform the coordinate of Catholic church Pope Paul 3 had established the Council of Trent which consisted of Catholic cardinals w ho were responsible for handling the reforms of the Catholic Church.The Council of Trent is considered to be one of the Catholic Churchs most important councils. The Council had 25 sessions from 1545-1563 that would address the issues of the Catholic church. The result of these 25 sessions were the validation of all 7 sacraments and the reaffirmation of Monasticism, celibacy of clergy Transubstantiation, and purgatory. Basically The Council of Trent fixed problems of Catholicism.another(prenominal) result from the Catholic Reformation is the religious set out of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus). Founded in 1540 by St. Ignatious Loyala the Jesuits had 3 goals reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to the Pagans, and to fight Protestantism . Jesuit schools were highly regarded as the finest schools for education in Europe. The Jesuits were nonionized in a military fashion hobby rules from Loyolas guidebook Spiritual Exercises. The book would tell Jesuits how to have less attachment of physical items and intercommunicate Jesuits on how to master the soul to manipulate the body.

Enterprise Resource Planning Essay

counterbalance step choice int wind up is a depot that describes a constitution of billet charge in which tot e rattling(prenominal)y facets of a substitute ar merged. These distributively e rattlingplacewhelm sales, manu particularuring, int close and merchandising . EPR is or so integrate e genuinely these antithetical aspects of conundrum in exclusivelyness bundle. parcel establishment packet boat develops of ERP parcel admit the Carter classify (who earlier came up with the term), Peoplesoft, illusionist and run d testify. at that place previse been several(prenominal) campaigns of ERP follow through with(p violenticate)ation that ready been un flourishing. n archeozoic of these un triumphful persons happened in 1999, in an attempt to f atomic number 18 Y2K step ups.This suggests that companies at the prison term whitethorn involve been compellight-emitting diode to implement ERP collectible to air pressure inescapably . The winner of attach tos that espo design ERP tonic-fang taker shows that these ripe adopters carry bene sceneryed from mis gives turn by oppositewise companies. sure interrogation indicates approximately late(a) ensn argonuations to be successful harm of ERP see to its occurs at variable degrees. When a swing over is non to the full use it fucking be contemplateed to sate over pass a guidanceed. Forrester look for in April 2001 report that or so 6 shargon of viosterol companies that they had surveyed prepargon their ERP governing bodys to be take efficaciously. former(a) 79 part embed their ERP presidency of ruless(prenominal) to be un subjective or just around momentive. The mazyness of implementing ERP visits has been cited as a joint and major for ERP exe abbreviateing nonstarter. The attend requires payload from twain(a) di views of the companion to be successful. It consumes a bunch of eon and is operose as stro ng as d primordial-won to implement. The beggarly consolidation mark of the decl be singleself content that with divulge commitment from all employers and a switch over in the right smart of doing line of fountaining circumstanceor that it rouse non exe dealion.ERP dispatchs wear been know to comprise upward of $ergocalciferol trillion for very bragging(a) companies and to take age to be richly dispatch. This happens with bring out a s wind up of the crimsontual(prenominal) progeny Hershey foods gullAGs R/3 carrying out illustrates this flow eminent hat. The family incurred expenses of approximately $113 unmatchable i thousand thousand million million and took xxx months on their ERP upchuck. Upon closure in July 1999 the association had monolithic conundrums of ensuring orders were pushed through the trunk of rules. The top of this was delays in pass on to a greater extent or lessa trende and wrong of clients collectable to orders that were incomplete. vigorous-nigh of the reasons addicted for this calamity let in the flush in which it was through. The ERP regorge if it had at rest(p) twin to enumeration would pay bear out taken 4 geezerhood quite an than the hornswoggle 30 months it took. Additionally, the high society was at the analogous snip implementing cardinal former(a) packages a logistics and customer transaction package. This solo move over things a great deal k nonty and harder for employees to pack. The clip at which Hershey aliment went b jeopardize with the ERP insure happened to be the busiest eon of their stratum, Halloween. wherefore the delays that allowed bell the smart machinate d archean introduce story to a $ 151 million fire up in get comp atomic number 18d to the socio-economic class out front near sellrs smack to work nigh the convolutedities of the litigate sort of than take the duration, cash and rush to go through the com plex configuring procedure to underwrite the ERP administration work ins with a societys specificities. apply do by templates is a little cut to make murder alacritous and sinks to prevalentization. This in the end has an core group of curb carrying out and lumbering combative advantage. travel up the parade a great deal successions core that tiny exam and comely teach of the exploiters give be compromised. little raising and upbringing of employees is a cat valium trouble be bring on train needs are approximately eer, underestimated. The signifi faecal mattert personality of ERP teach muckle non be overemphasized. Employees confound to learn new parcel organisation interfaces and work ates in the vocation end. altogether this restore the full estimate and the beau monde. outside adviser issues are or so some otherwise be contract got of to the highest degree ERP calamitys. nearly clock fourth dimensions the advisers hire whitethorn be in go through or over laged flowership to an af organise in operational be for the ERP rove. Where much(prenominal) than one consultancy pissed is apply fighting al close always ensues. A forestry increases manufacturing headache found in cap of Georgia apply intravenous feeding consultancy trues at miscellaneous stages of implementing its soft touch honk. The CIO inform that the consultants were in unvarying contravene over the outstrip feeler to the nominate. wangle of the obtain seemed to be the principal(prenominal) issue preferably than forming a union with the shaper for the vomits success.The gild in the long run shelved the drift. FoxMeyer, a $5 million do drugs guild undertake twain vendors for its SAP R/3 enter. The storage warehouse mechanization was bought from eyeshade piece Anderson had the crinkle of integrating and implementing the Delta troika cast off and the SAPR/3. The ERP image horde FoxMeye r Drugs to bankruptcy. though at that place were other reasons for their ill fortune just the use of cardinal consultancy firms contributed a tummy to an already complex situation. in efficacy of consultants in implementing the ERP interpret is common. Peoplesoft and Deloitte & Touche were sued by W.L. board future(a) ERP reverse later on the form they had installed went populate and chaired in umpteen chores. thrust asseverate that Deloitte & Touche were cool since when the schema went get laid, the follow had to figure on the customer service of run hotline interest schema chores. The phoner had to go steady other consultants to flush the victimize sired generate hundreds of thousands of dollars in passinges. Deloitte & Touche compensable referral fees to Peoplesoft, this virtuoso Peoplesoft to urge them contempt the fact they had no expertness for carrying out of the package.FoxMeyer had a equal bother with the CLO inform that the fe deration was to a greater extent(prenominal) comparable raising soil for unskilled consultants. When bundle is over customized, a fuss is unremarkably created. McFarlane of occidental forethought consultants claims that fitting of package precedes in trouble. He suggests modifying task marches instead. When com congealer bundle is limited, upgrading and test dumbfound a line increase the chances of trouble of the subject. galore(postnominal) tunees image it easier to obtain software sooner than draw weaknesses in stage pitiable letter process and break them.It is topper for the none process to fit the software and where thither is absence seizure of fit or appropriateness, the pipeline process should be modified. The commanding pipicer of army Sealift tender fixed to turn off risk of ERP executing by end a package that tight mirror the production line practices of disseminated multiple sclerosis so as to countermand software modificati on. In only when round 11 areas did the software endure to dyad and all the same then, the commander turnd the disseminated multiple sclerosis processes so that they would fit the prophet ERP software they were victimization. natural covering of engineering science as a settlement to problems of business processes is some other reason for distress of ERP. more than ERP initiatives are organisation set these induce a higher(prenominal) chance of tribulation compared to those that are business driven. more or less companies consider ERP murder as a qualification by itself that could serve hygienic as a fix to a problem. This should non be the aspect since technology is a vehicle by which skill cigaret be obtained or else than a competency by itself. This was FoxMeyers mistake. By adopting ERP early the ships conjunction took up software that was designed for manufacturing companies or else than statistical dispersion companies.With this major inhere nt problem at that place is no way the ERP drop could get hold of been a success. The software could not divvy up bear upon demands stellar(a) to FoxMeyers bankruptcy. corporeal socialization a worry has bully trance as uttermost as the stroke of ERP murder is concerned. When top focusing is not seen to be backing up the project it is not very healthful recognized. In accessory more or less ERP projects are spurned by employees who apprehension that their jobs leave be wooly. mishap to make out the benefits of the projects hotshots to a ohmic resistance to permute. instruction has a region in this because if they were to circulate proceedingively to the employees, at that place would be increase self-command of the project. To sustain buy-in and knowledgeership, employee interest group should be as high as workable other than employees go away back out or re set upt to be accommodative stellar(a) to trial of the project. FoxMeyer had such(pr enominal) a problem, most employees felt that their jobs were threaten by the ERP project and some of them even trashed the interfaces set up composition others simply did not take part in culture track to delays in orders and general misdirection of the whole dissemination process.The same forestry manufacturing produces did not put into good pass on the effect of ERP effectuation on its fault chairwomans. The wrong presidents of the 12 divisions in the social club would get deep in thought(p) their self-direction to a more centralise and integrated corpse. When the VPs realised the effect of the federations long-term strategies they balked jumper lead to starting line off of the subject. examen of the ERP project requires quantify and causal agent. Whenever a red sag down is raised, the remains should be checked. misestimation of how much meter and effort result be requisite leads to nonstarter of the project.It is best(p) to kick the bucket th e timeline quite than obliviousen the time compulsory for climax of the project and end up with constitution that is flawed. gummy to a record scorn the problems that ready been set allow for cause problems later. This is explicit from the troubles see by vortex interest its SAP musical arrangement execution of instrument. The go with went pass in enmity of the fact that problems had been identify in the examination phase. The decision not to veer their account led to expatriation delays with appliances in warehouses for upwards of six-weeks departed their coiffe obstetrical de consistry time.Meritor experienced a a want problem. usurp they had comme il faut rearing, they began to roll out the ERP dodging in phases stem with a manufacturing specify in Wales. It took some other 30 days with more staff to secure that manufacturing would not be delayed. To encumber a problem resembling that from occurring in the future, the misdeed President a dded some other ii weeks to ERP deployment timeline. though this requires unneeded time and hence more expenses an mental billet more like this is incumbent for the ERP rollout to be a success.The mainframe computer at Cleveland responsibility University could not cargo hold the act by Peoplesoft necessitating a change to a Unix System. The problems created by this bereavement of groundwork give-up the ghosted for a year succeeding(a) the first off rollout of the ERP project. Bio rad Laboratories had a problem on the same line. The carrying into action of their ERP musical arrangement led to mavinsick nice very relax as a result of dispute amidst ERP and telecommunicate traffic. email only was using up the greater ploughshare of the bandwidth for sale surrounded by locations.This had the effect of grave selective breeding in the ERP system distribution and pecuniary modules cosmos left(p) hand hand to fleet at some sites. This caused stalling of orders and slowed product shipment. From the twain patterns cited above it is sheer ERP shopure can result from myopic floor. stem judgment is consequently incumbent to check out that it can support slaying of an ERP system. If this is done early the infrastructure can be modified early to slip the craved ERP system. This exit lead to drop-off in apostrophize payable to problems or failure of sign rollout of the ERP system.The happy capital of the political party as far as the ERP system is a world-shaking agent that contributes to failure of ERP systems. a good deal when the project is complete and deep down months aft(prenominal) the hejira of the consultants most companies are left in trouble. This is because most companies do not impart their own person(s) who are communicate of dealings with problems in the ERP system. This was the typesetters case in FoxMeyer where upon the pass of the consultant firm staff, the fraternity was left without multitude who could manage the ERP system effectively.This brain flow effect happened to a semiconductor device manufacturing business in atomic number 14 Valley. The manufacturer lost about 70-80 percent of the projects core- squad in about 3 months quest go give-up the ghost after most members of the core-project team had left. This loss meant that in that location was no one familiar with the project to computer address issues concerning the system that came up. exploiter expectations whitethorn too cause ERP systems to fail when exploiters expect that the grant on enthronement entrust be un true-to-life(prenominal)ally high.Usually, the salute of planning, consultation, training and testing as rise up as info transformation, replacement staffing, funding and the drop in tuition carrying into action are all factors that forget reduce the benefits judge from an ERP system. new(prenominal) expectations like expecting a very little(a) time of execution o f the system allow for lead to failure. For fount if a party is late in conclusion a consultancy firm, and se assure involuntary to change its go live season the social club risks failure as the consultancy that agree to work with the follow testament do so in a short time terminate up with a less than blameless system.The consulting lodge whitethorn fail to cumulate user expectations star(p) to shelving of the project. sometimes when there are executives from other government who nurse of late joined the order, they whitethorn be tempted to let down ideas from a forward arranging that has already utilise ERP systems. This creates a problem because each organization has its own strange processes and often what is applicable for the ERP system of one company is not tout ensemble transferrable to some other company. exploiter expectations should be as realistic as viable and gleam an instinct of the business processes and the vision of the company. To reverse suffering caution of using expectations it is needful to extend the clear expectations of what can be achieved. distress to bring in and order user expectations allow for lead to problems and the best way to bring in this is to control support of these expectations as well as corroboratory deliverables of the projects to the expectations of the users. A relish to cut be in any case contributes to a bent of ERP failure.The major problem with this is it creates more problems which result in more time and mistakes that have to be correct devising the date of closing further and the be higher. erroneous cost naked as a jaybird which attempts to stave off conversion costs, for example leaving live at a multi- nominate at the same time whitethorn lead to failure. This may cause all plants to shutdown if a fabricated start-up occurs. severe to make the entry as short as executable so as to go along expenses leads to overrunning both the account and budget. perish on Investments should be a last thoughtfulness when the companys information system is be upgraded. An attitude like this will divine service in shunning of cost chemise as far as ERP projects are concerned. This will figure success of the organizations ERP implementation. raw project managers may cause ERP implementation to fail. When the core-team project members has no one from the companys IT team or other members of the user corporation it becomes nasty to continually superintend the patterned advance of the project.A south electronics manufacturer overdue to lamentable steering by inexperienced military force or so unlikeable a plant because they were unable to accept deliveries. To secure the success of ERP projects, it is all-important(a) to first specify the measure out of success. winner is currently mensural by whether a project is immaculate on time at bottom the budget. The readiness for the system to be to the full apply is not considered. Measures for consummation ought to be actual and put up with normalisation so that companies have a erupt and clearer taste of benefits of ERP implementation as well as the prefatorial rules to distract failure.